Contour farming (or contour plowing) is an agricultural technique that involves plowing, sowing, or planting along the contour lines of the land, perpendicular to the slope. This layout creates curved furrows that slow down water flow, promote its infiltration into the soil, and reduce water erosion. Indeed, compared to farming done down the slope, it reduces the loss of soil and water.

This practice was formalized in the United States in the 1930s following the Dust Bowl crisis. The Soil Conservation Service promoted this method to curb agricultural soil erosion, with immediate results that were more or less effective depending on the crop and its adaptation to the environment. Since then, it has spread, particularly in tropical and Mediterranean regions. As of 2025, contour farming is still not widely used in France.

Contour farming is suited for slopes between 2% and 10% and for areas where heavy rainfall can cause intense runoff. It is distinct from terracing, which involves building horizontal platforms supported by walls or embankments. Contour farming does not modify the topography but adapts to the natural shape of the land. It is used in field crops, arboriculture, market gardening, and vine-growing. In addition to reducing erosion, it improves water retention, preserves nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, and can increase yields by up to 10%. Its effectiveness can be further enhanced when combined with other conservation agriculture practices or the establishment of agroecological infrastructures. Practical, simple, and low-cost, it contributes to sustainable and climate smart agriculture, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate hazards.